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Force de Raid
The ''Force de Raid'' (Raiding Force) was a French naval squadron formed at Brest during naval mobilization for World War II. The squadron commanded by Vice Amiral Marcel Gensoul consisted of the most modern French capital ships ''Dunkerque'' and ''Strasbourg'', screened by the three newest French cruisers, the eight largest and most modern ''contre-torpilleurs'', and the only French aircraft carrier.〔Auphan & Mordal, p.22〕 The Force effectively ceased to exist as a separate unit after the British attack on Mers-el-Kébir.
==Strategic significance==
Battleships had been internationally perceived as the strategic arms race focus since the Washington Naval Conference of 1921.〔Breyer, p.70〕 Countries unable to match the numbers of battleships maintained by the United States and the United Kingdom had built faster battleships so they might have the option of evading stronger fleets. Italy modernized ''Conte di Cavour'' and ''Giulio Cesare'' in 1937 with new engines increasing their speed to 28 knots.〔Breyer, pp.374-377〕 Germany completed the 31-knot battleships ''Gneisenau'' in 1938 and ''Scharnhorst'' in January 1939.〔Breyer, pp.293-295〕 For the first ten months of World War II, the ''Dunkerque''-class battleships of ''Force de Raid'' were the only modern Allied battleships available to counter the ''Scharnhorst''-class battleships. The old Royal Navy battle cruisers , , and had similar speed, but their horizontal deck armor offered inadequate protection against aerial bombs and the plunging trajectory of long-range gunfire.〔Breyer, p.78〕
The Italian battleships ''Vittorio Veneto'' and ''Littorio'' were completed in April and May of 1940.〔Breyer, p.386〕 ''Caio Duilio'' was modernized to a speed of 27 knots in July, and ''Andrea Doria'' completed similar modernization in October.〔Breyer, pp.378-380〕 The German battleship ''Bismarck'' was completed in August.〔Breyer, p.299〕 Britain's first modern battleship would not be completed until December 1940,〔Breyer, p.180〕 and a British Defense Council subcommittee had concluded as recently as 1936 there was no justification for assuming aircraft could destroy battleships.〔Breyer, p.77〕 This conclusion would be disproved by the battle of Taranto in November, but Winston Churchill remained focused on battleships as late as August 1941.〔Breyer, pp.81 & 86〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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